Author: Josh
-
World-in-View: Civil Wars
I. Introduction Civil wars, defined as armed conflicts within a single nation between organized groups vying for political, ideological, ethnic, or territorial control, represent some of the most devastating and complex forms of human conflict. Unlike interstate wars, civil wars tear at the fabric of a nation’s social, political, and economic structures, often leaving deep…
-
USA: Does Trump have the power to tariff?
The U.S. Constitution, under Article I, Section 8, explicitly assigns Congress the authority to regulate commerce with foreign nations and impose tariffs, granting it the power to “lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises” and to “regulate Commerce with foreign Nations.” This constitutional framework historically positioned Congress as the primary architect of tariff policy,…
-
History: The Midnight Judges
I. Introduction The Midnight Judges affair of 1801 stands as a pivotal moment in American history, marking a critical juncture in the development of the U.S. judiciary and its role in the balance of power among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Occurring during the waning days of President John Adams’ administration, this event unfolded…
-
Astro: Planet Nine
The concept of Planet Nine represents one of the most intriguing mysteries in modern astronomy, capturing the imagination of scientists and the public alike. This hypothetical planet, proposed to exist in the distant reaches of our Solar System, is thought to be a massive body—potentially 5 to 10 times the mass of Earth—orbiting the Sun…
-
Health: Supernumerary teeth
Supernumerary teeth, often referred to as hyperdontia, are additional teeth that develop beyond the standard set of 32 permanent adult teeth. These extra teeth can appear in various regions of the mouth and may present in diverse shapes and sizes, ranging from fully formed teeth to malformed structures. Hyperdontia is a relatively uncommon dental anomaly,…
-
Geo: The Peeling Earth
The “Peeling Earth” is a evocative metaphor for the ceaseless geological processes that sculpt Earth’s surface, with mountain ranges standing as the most dramatic expressions of this dynamic interplay. The term “peeling” captures the dual forces of tectonic uplift, which thrusts layers of the Earth’s crust skyward, and erosion, which relentlessly strips away these layers,…
-
World-in-View: Hungary’s Politics
Hungary’s political landscape is a compelling study of historical resilience, democratic aspirations, and contemporary challenges marked by democratic backsliding. As a parliamentary republic in Central Europe, Hungary has navigated centuries of foreign domination, revolutionary upheavals, and a complex transition from communism to democracy. Since 2010, under Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s leadership, Hungary has drawn international…
-
Philosophy: Should we embrace the ego?
The question of whether to renounce or befriend the ego strikes at the heart of what it means to live a fulfilling, moral, and meaningful life. The ego—our sense of self, identity, and individuality—has been both celebrated as the engine of human progress and condemned as the root of suffering and division. This debate spans…
-
UK: Travellers’ Lucky Words
(As always, these are AI generated – so be aware that it may not be accurate!) The term “Travellers” in Britain encompasses a diverse array of communities, including Romani (often called Romany Gypsies), Irish Travellers (Pavees or Mincéirí), Scottish Travellers, Welsh Travellers (Kale), and related groups such as Show People and Bargees, collectively referred to…
-
Facts-about: Monkeys
Monkeys, a diverse and captivating group of primates, encompass over 260 species within the order Primates, split into New World monkeys (Platyrrhini) and Old World monkeys (Cercopithecidae). These remarkable animals have thrived across a range of habitats, from dense tropical rainforests to arid savannas and even snowy mountain slopes, showcasing an extraordinary array of adaptations,…